fvDOM.C

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    Copyright (C) 2011-2018 OpenFOAM Foundation
    Copyright (C) 2019-2023 OpenCFD Ltd.
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License
    This file is part of OpenFOAM.

    OpenFOAM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it
    under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
    the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
    (at your option) any later version.

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    ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
    FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
    for more details.

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#include "fvDOM.H"
#include "absorptionEmissionModel.H"
#include "scatterModel.H"
#include "constants.H"
#include "unitConversion.H"
#include "fvm.H"
#include "addToRunTimeSelectionTable.H"

using namespace Foam::constant;
using namespace Foam::constant::mathematical;

// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Static Data Members * * * * * * * * * * * * * //

namespace Foam
{
    namespace radiation
    {
        defineTypeNameAndDebug(fvDOM, 0);
        addToRadiationRunTimeSelectionTables(fvDOM);
    }
}


// * * * * * * * * * * * * * Private Member Functions  * * * * * * * * * * * //

void Foam::radiation::fvDOM::rotateInitialRays(const vector& sunDir)
{
    // Rotate Y spherical cordinates to Sun direction.
    // Solid angles on the equator are better fit for planar radiation
    const tensor coordRot = rotationTensor(vector(0, 1, 0), sunDir);

    forAll(IRay_, rayId)
    {
        IRay_[rayId].dAve() = coordRot & IRay_[rayId].dAve();
        IRay_[rayId].d() = coordRot & IRay_[rayId].d();
    }
}


void Foam::radiation::fvDOM:: alignClosestRayToSun(const vector& sunDir)
{
    label SunRayId(-1);
    scalar maxSunRay = -GREAT;

    // Looking for the ray closest to the Sun direction
    forAll(IRay_, rayId)
    {
        const vector& iD = IRay_[rayId].d();
        scalar dir = sunDir & iD;
        if (dir > maxSunRay)
        {
            maxSunRay = dir;
            SunRayId = rayId;
        }
    }

    // Second rotation to align colimated radiation with the closest ray
    const tensor coordRot = rotationTensor(IRay_[SunRayId].d(), sunDir);

    forAll(IRay_, rayId)
    {
        IRay_[rayId].dAve() = coordRot & IRay_[rayId].dAve();
        IRay_[rayId].d() = coordRot & IRay_[rayId].d();
    }

    Info << "Sun direction : " << sunDir << nl << endl;
    Info << "Sun ray ID : " << SunRayId << nl << endl;
}


void Foam::radiation::fvDOM::updateRaysDir()
{
    solarCalculator_->correctSunDirection();
    const vector sunDir = solarCalculator_->direction();

    // First iteration
    if (updateTimeIndex_ == 0)
    {
        rotateInitialRays(sunDir);
        alignClosestRayToSun(sunDir);
    }
    else if (updateTimeIndex_ > 0)
    {
        alignClosestRayToSun(sunDir);
    }
}


void Foam::radiation::fvDOM::initialise()
{
    coeffs_.readIfPresent("useExternalBeam", useExternalBeam_);

    if (useExternalBeam_)
    {
        spectralDistributions_.reset
        (
            Function1<scalarField>::New
            (
                "spectralDistribution",
                coeffs_,
                &mesh_
            )
        );

        spectralDistribution_ =
            spectralDistributions_->value(mesh_.time().timeOutputValue());

        spectralDistribution_ =
            spectralDistribution_/sum(spectralDistribution_);

        const dictionary& solarDict = this->subDict("solarCalculatorCoeffs");
        solarCalculator_.reset(new solarCalculator(solarDict, mesh_));

        if (mesh_.nSolutionD() != 3)
        {
            FatalErrorInFunction
                << "External beam model only available in 3D meshes "
                << abort(FatalError);
        }

        if (solarCalculator_->diffuseSolarRad() > 0)
        {
            FatalErrorInFunction
                << "External beam model does not support Diffuse "
                << "Solar Radiation. Set diffuseSolarRad to zero"
                << abort(FatalError);
        }
        if (spectralDistribution_.size() != nLambda_)
        {
            FatalErrorInFunction
                << "The epectral energy distribution has different bands "
                << "than the absoprtivity model "
                << abort(FatalError);
        }
    }

    // 3D
    if (mesh_.nSolutionD() == 3)
    {
        nRay_ = 4*nPhi_*nTheta_;

        IRay_.setSize(nRay_);

        const scalar deltaPhi = pi/(2*nPhi_);
        const scalar deltaTheta = pi/nTheta_;

        label i = 0;

        for (label n = 1; n <= nTheta_; n++)
        {
            for (label m = 1; m <= 4*nPhi_; m++)
            {
                scalar thetai = (2*n - 1)*deltaTheta/2.0;
                scalar phii = (2*m - 1)*deltaPhi/2.0;

                IRay_.set
                (
                    i,
                    new radiativeIntensityRay
                    (
                        *this,
                        mesh_,
                        phii,
                        thetai,
                        deltaPhi,
                        deltaTheta,
                        nLambda_,
                        *absorptionEmission_,
                        blackBody_,
                        i
                    )
                );
                i++;
            }
        }
    }
    // 2D
    else if (mesh_.nSolutionD() == 2)
    {
        const scalar thetai = piByTwo;
        const scalar deltaTheta = pi;
        nRay_ = 4*nPhi_;
        IRay_.setSize(nRay_);
        const scalar deltaPhi = pi/(2.0*nPhi_);
        label i = 0;
        for (label m = 1; m <= 4*nPhi_; m++)
        {
            const scalar phii = (2*m - 1)*deltaPhi/2.0;
            IRay_.set
            (
                i,
                new radiativeIntensityRay
                (
                    *this,
                    mesh_,
                    phii,
                    thetai,
                    deltaPhi,
                    deltaTheta,
                    nLambda_,
                    *absorptionEmission_,
                    blackBody_,
                    i
                )
            );
            i++;
        }
    }
    // 1D
    else
    {
        const scalar thetai = piByTwo;
        const scalar deltaTheta = pi;
        nRay_ = 2;
        IRay_.setSize(nRay_);
        const scalar deltaPhi = pi;
        label i = 0;
        for (label m = 1; m <= 2; m++)
        {
            const scalar phii = (2*m - 1)*deltaPhi/2.0;
            IRay_.set
            (
                i,
                new radiativeIntensityRay
                (
                    *this,
                    mesh_,
                    phii,
                    thetai,
                    deltaPhi,
                    deltaTheta,
                    nLambda_,
                    *absorptionEmission_,
                    blackBody_,
                    i
                )
            );
            i++;
        }
    }


    // Construct absorption field for each wavelength
    forAll(aLambda_, lambdaI)
    {
        aLambda_.set
        (
            lambdaI,
            new volScalarField
            (
                IOobject
                (
                    "aLambda_" + Foam::name(lambdaI) ,
                    mesh_.time().timeName(),
                    mesh_,
                    IOobject::NO_READ,
                    IOobject::NO_WRITE
                ),
                a_
            )
        );
    }

    Info<< "fvDOM : Allocated " << IRay_.size()
        << " rays with average orientation:" << nl;

    if (useExternalBeam_)
    {
        // Rotate rays for Sun direction
        updateRaysDir();
    }

    scalar totalOmega = 0;
    forAll(IRay_, rayId)
    {
        if (omegaMax_ <  IRay_[rayId].omega())
        {
            omegaMax_ = IRay_[rayId].omega();
        }
        totalOmega += IRay_[rayId].omega();
        Info<< '\t' << IRay_[rayId].I().name() << " : " << "dAve : "
            << '\t' << IRay_[rayId].dAve() << " : " << "omega : "
            << '\t' << IRay_[rayId].omega() << " : " << "d : "
            << '\t' << IRay_[rayId].d() << nl;
    }

    Info << "Total omega : " << totalOmega << endl;

    Info<< endl;

    coeffs_.readIfPresent("useSolarLoad", useSolarLoad_);

    if (useSolarLoad_)
    {
        if (useExternalBeam_)
        {
            FatalErrorInFunction
                << "External beam with fvDOM can not be used "
                << "with the solar load model"
                << abort(FatalError);
        }
        const dictionary& solarDict = this->subDict("solarLoadCoeffs");
        solarLoad_.reset(new solarLoad(solarDict, T_));

        if (solarLoad_->nBands() != this->nBands())
        {
            FatalErrorInFunction
                << "Requested solar radiation with fvDOM. Using "
                << "different number of bands for the solar load is not allowed"
                << abort(FatalError);
        }

        Info<< "Creating Solar Load Model " << nl;
    }
}


// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Constructors  * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //

Foam::radiation::fvDOM::fvDOM(const volScalarField& T)
:
    radiationModel(typeName, T),
    G_
    (
        IOobject
        (
            "G",
            mesh_.time().timeName(),
            mesh_,
            IOobject::NO_READ,
            IOobject::AUTO_WRITE,
            IOobject::REGISTER
        ),
        mesh_,
        dimensionedScalar(dimMass/pow3(dimTime), Zero)
    ),
    qr_
    (
        IOobject
        (
            "qr",
            mesh_.time().timeName(),
            mesh_,
            IOobject::READ_IF_PRESENT,
            IOobject::AUTO_WRITE,
            IOobject::REGISTER
        ),
        mesh_,
        dimensionedScalar(dimMass/pow3(dimTime), Zero)
    ),
    qem_
    (
        IOobject
        (
            "qem",
            mesh_.time().timeName(),
            mesh_,
            IOobject::NO_READ,
            IOobject::NO_WRITE
        ),
        mesh_,
        dimensionedScalar(dimMass/pow3(dimTime), Zero)
    ),
    qin_
    (
        IOobject
        (
            "qin",
            mesh_.time().timeName(),
            mesh_,
            IOobject::READ_IF_PRESENT,
            IOobject::AUTO_WRITE,
            IOobject::REGISTER
        ),
        mesh_,
        dimensionedScalar(dimMass/pow3(dimTime), Zero)
    ),
    a_
    (
        IOobject
        (
            "a",
            mesh_.time().timeName(),
            mesh_,
            IOobject::NO_READ,
            IOobject::NO_WRITE
        ),
        mesh_,
        dimensionedScalar(dimless/dimLength, Zero)
    ),
    nTheta_(coeffs_.get<label>("nTheta")),
    nPhi_(coeffs_.get<label>("nPhi")),
    nRay_(0),
    nLambda_(absorptionEmission_->nBands()),
    aLambda_(nLambda_),
    blackBody_(nLambda_, T),
    IRay_(0),
    tolerance_
    (
        coeffs_.getOrDefaultCompat<scalar>
        (
            "tolerance",
            {{"convergence", 1712}},
            0
        )
    ),
    maxIter_(coeffs_.getOrDefault<label>("maxIter", 50)),
    omegaMax_(0),
    useSolarLoad_(false),
    solarLoad_(),
    meshOrientation_
    (
        coeffs_.getOrDefault<vector>("meshOrientation", Zero)
    ),
    useExternalBeam_(false),
    spectralDistribution_(),
    spectralDistributions_(),
    solarCalculator_(),
    updateTimeIndex_(0)
{
    initialise();
}


Foam::radiation::fvDOM::fvDOM
(
    const dictionary& dict,
    const volScalarField& T
)
:
    radiationModel(typeName, dict, T),
    G_
    (
        IOobject
        (
            "G",
            mesh_.time().timeName(),
            mesh_,
            IOobject::READ_IF_PRESENT,
            IOobject::AUTO_WRITE,
            IOobject::REGISTER
        ),
        mesh_,
        dimensionedScalar(dimMass/pow3(dimTime), Zero)
    ),
    qr_
    (
        IOobject
        (
            "qr",
            mesh_.time().timeName(),
            mesh_,
            IOobject::READ_IF_PRESENT,
            IOobject::AUTO_WRITE,
            IOobject::REGISTER
        ),
        mesh_,
        dimensionedScalar(dimMass/pow3(dimTime), Zero)
    ),
    qem_
    (
        IOobject
        (
            "qem",
            mesh_.time().timeName(),
            mesh_,
            IOobject::NO_READ,
            IOobject::NO_WRITE
        ),
        mesh_,
        dimensionedScalar(dimMass/pow3(dimTime), Zero)
    ),
    qin_
    (
        IOobject
        (
            "qin",
            mesh_.time().timeName(),
            mesh_,
            IOobject::READ_IF_PRESENT,
            IOobject::AUTO_WRITE,
            IOobject::REGISTER
        ),
        mesh_,
        dimensionedScalar(dimMass/pow3(dimTime), Zero)
    ),
    a_
    (
        IOobject
        (
            "a",
            mesh_.time().timeName(),
            mesh_,
            IOobject::NO_READ,
            IOobject::NO_WRITE
        ),
        mesh_,
        dimensionedScalar(dimless/dimLength, Zero)
    ),
    nTheta_(coeffs_.get<label>("nTheta")),
    nPhi_(coeffs_.get<label>("nPhi")),
    nRay_(0),
    nLambda_(absorptionEmission_->nBands()),
    aLambda_(nLambda_),
    blackBody_(nLambda_, T),
    IRay_(0),
    tolerance_
    (
        coeffs_.getOrDefaultCompat<scalar>
        (
            "tolerance",
            {{"convergence", 1712}},
            0
        )
    ),
    maxIter_(coeffs_.getOrDefault<label>("maxIter", 50)),
    omegaMax_(0),
    useSolarLoad_(false),
    solarLoad_(),
    meshOrientation_
    (
        coeffs_.getOrDefault<vector>("meshOrientation", Zero)
    ),
    useExternalBeam_(false),
    spectralDistribution_(),
    spectralDistributions_(),
    solarCalculator_(),
    updateTimeIndex_(0)
{
    initialise();
}


// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Member Functions  * * * * * * * * * * * * * //

bool Foam::radiation::fvDOM::read()
{
    if (radiationModel::read())
    {
        // Only reading solution parameters - not changing ray geometry
        coeffs_.readIfPresentCompat
        (
            "tolerance", {{"convergence", 1712}}, tolerance_
        );
        coeffs_.readIfPresent("maxIter", maxIter_);

        return true;
    }

    return false;
}


void Foam::radiation::fvDOM::calculate()
{
    absorptionEmission_->correct(a_, aLambda_);

    updateBlackBodyEmission();

    if (useSolarLoad_)
    {
        solarLoad_->calculate();
    }

    if (useExternalBeam_)
    {
        switch (solarCalculator_->sunDirectionModel())
        {
            case solarCalculator::mSunDirConstant:
            {
                break;
            }
            case solarCalculator::mSunDirTracking:
            {
                label updateIndex = label
                (
                    mesh_.time().value()
                   /solarCalculator_->sunTrackingUpdateInterval()
                );

                if (updateIndex > updateTimeIndex_)
                {
                    Info << "Updating Sun position..." << endl;
                    updateTimeIndex_ = updateIndex;
                    updateRaysDir();
                }
                break;
            }
        }
    }

    // Set rays convergence false
    List<bool> rayIdConv(nRay_, false);

    scalar maxResidual = 0;
    label radIter = 0;
    do
    {
        Info<< "Radiation solver iter: " << radIter << endl;

        radIter++;
        maxResidual = 0;
        forAll(IRay_, rayI)
        {
            if (!rayIdConv[rayI])
            {
                scalar maxBandResidual = IRay_[rayI].correct();
                maxResidual = max(maxBandResidual, maxResidual);

                if (maxBandResidual < tolerance_)
                {
                    rayIdConv[rayI] = true;
                }
            }
        }

    } while (maxResidual > tolerance_ && radIter < maxIter_);

    updateG();
}


Foam::tmp<Foam::volScalarField> Foam::radiation::fvDOM::Rp() const
{
    // Construct using contribution from first frequency band
    auto tRp = volScalarField::New
    (
        "Rp",
        IOobject::NO_REGISTER,
        (
            4
          * physicoChemical::sigma
          * (aLambda_[0] - absorptionEmission_->aDisp(0)())
          * blackBody_.deltaLambdaT(T_, absorptionEmission_->bands(0))
        )
    );
    auto& Rp = tRp.ref();

    // Add contributions over remaining frequency bands
    for (label j=1; j < nLambda_; j++)
    {
        Rp +=
        (
            4
           *physicoChemical::sigma
           *(aLambda_[j] - absorptionEmission_->aDisp(j)())
           *blackBody_.deltaLambdaT(T_, absorptionEmission_->bands(j))
        );
    }

    return tRp;
}


Foam::tmp<Foam::DimensionedField<Foam::scalar, Foam::volMesh>>
Foam::radiation::fvDOM::Ru() const
{
    auto tRu = DimensionedField<scalar, volMesh>::New
    (
        "Ru",
        IOobject::NO_REGISTER,
        mesh_,
        dimensionedScalar(dimensionSet(1, -1, -3, 0, 0), Zero)
    );
    auto& Ru = tRu.ref();

    // Sum contributions over all frequency bands
    for (label j=0; j < nLambda_; j++)
    {
        // Compute total incident radiation within frequency band
        tmp<DimensionedField<scalar, volMesh>> Gj
        (
            IRay_[0].ILambda(j)()*IRay_[0].omega()
        );

        for (label rayI=1; rayI < nRay_; rayI++)
        {
            Gj.ref() += IRay_[rayI].ILambda(j)()*IRay_[rayI].omega();
        }

        Ru += (aLambda_[j]() - absorptionEmission_->aDisp(j)()())*Gj
             - absorptionEmission_->ECont(j)()();
    }

    return tRu;
}


void Foam::radiation::fvDOM::updateBlackBodyEmission()
{
    for (label j=0; j < nLambda_; j++)
    {
        blackBody_.correct(j, absorptionEmission_->bands(j));
    }
}


void Foam::radiation::fvDOM::updateG()
{
    G_ = dimensionedScalar(dimMass/pow3(dimTime), Zero);
    qr_ = dimensionedScalar(dimMass/pow3(dimTime), Zero);
    qem_ = dimensionedScalar(dimMass/pow3(dimTime), Zero);
    qin_ = dimensionedScalar(dimMass/pow3(dimTime), Zero);

    forAll(IRay_, rayI)
    {
        IRay_[rayI].addIntensity();
        G_ += IRay_[rayI].I()*IRay_[rayI].omega();
        qr_.boundaryFieldRef() += IRay_[rayI].qr().boundaryField();
        qem_.boundaryFieldRef() += IRay_[rayI].qem().boundaryField();
        qin_.boundaryFieldRef() += IRay_[rayI].qin().boundaryField();
    }
}


void Foam::radiation::fvDOM::setRayIdLambdaId
(
    const word& name,
    label& rayId,
    label& lambdaId
) const
{
    // Assuming name is in the form: CHARS_rayId_lambdaId
    const auto i1 = name.find('_');
    const auto i2 = name.find('_', i1+1);

    rayId    = readLabel(name.substr(i1+1, i2-i1-1));
    lambdaId = readLabel(name.substr(i2+1));
}


const Foam::solarCalculator& Foam::radiation::fvDOM::solarCalc() const
{
    return solarCalculator_();
}


// ************************************************************************* //